Publications | Empirical Inference - Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems

Quantitative evaluation of segmentation- and atlas- based attenuation correction for PET/MR on pediatric patients

Bezrukov, I., Schmidt, H., Gatidis, S., Mantlik, F., Schäfer, J. F., Schwenzer, N., Pichler, B. J.

Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 56(7):1067-1074, 2015 (article)

Bezrukov, I., Schmidt, H., Gatidis, S., Mantlik, F., Schäfer, J. F., Schwenzer, N., Pichler, B. J. Quantitative evaluation of segmentation- and atlas- based attenuation correction for PET/MR on pediatric patients Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 56(7):1067-1074, 2015 (article)

Hirsch, M., Schölkopf, B.

Self-calibration of optical lenses

In IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV 2015), pages: 612-620, IEEE, 2015 (inproceedings)

Hirsch, M., Schölkopf, B. Self-calibration of optical lenses In IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV 2015), pages: 612-620, IEEE, 2015 (inproceedings)

The DES Science Verification Weak Lensing Shear Catalogs

Jarvis, M., Sheldon, E., Zuntz, J., Kacprzak, T., Bridle, S. L., Amara, A., Armstrong, R., Becker, M. R., Bernstein, G. M., Bonnett, C., others,

arXiv preprint arXiv:1507.05603, 2015 (techreport)

Jarvis, M., Sheldon, E., Zuntz, J., Kacprzak, T., Bridle, S. L., Amara, A., Armstrong, R., Becker, M. R., Bernstein, G. M., Bonnett, C., others, The DES Science Verification Weak Lensing Shear Catalogs arXiv preprint arXiv:1507.05603, 2015 (techreport)

Sequential Image Deconvolution Using Probabilistic Linear Algebra

Gao, M.

Technical University of Munich, Germany, 2015 (mastersthesis)

Gao, M. Sequential Image Deconvolution Using Probabilistic Linear Algebra Technical University of Munich, Germany, 2015 (mastersthesis)

Telling cause from effect in deterministic linear dynamical systems

Shajarisales, N., Janzing, D., Schölkopf, B., Besserve, M.

In Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on Machine Learning, 37, pages: 285–294, JMLR Workshop and Conference Proceedings, (Editors: F. Bach and D. Blei), JMLR, ICML, 2015 (inproceedings)

Shajarisales, N., Janzing, D., Schölkopf, B., Besserve, M. Telling cause from effect in deterministic linear dynamical systems In Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on Machine Learning, 37, pages: 285–294, JMLR Workshop and Conference Proceedings, (Editors: F. Bach and D. Blei), JMLR, ICML, 2015 (inproceedings)

A Cognitive Brain-Computer Interface for Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Hohmann, M. R., Fomina, T., Jayaram, V., Widmann, N., Förster, C., Müller vom Hagen, J., Synofzik, M., Schölkopf, B., Schöls, L., Grosse-Wentrup, M.

In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, pages: 3187-3191, SMC, 2015 (inproceedings)

Hohmann, M. R., Fomina, T., Jayaram, V., Widmann, N., Förster, C., Müller vom Hagen, J., Synofzik, M., Schölkopf, B., Schöls, L., Grosse-Wentrup, M. A Cognitive Brain-Computer Interface for Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, pages: 3187-3191, SMC, 2015 (inproceedings)

Probabilistic numerics and uncertainty in computations

Hennig, P., Osborne, M. A., Girolami, M.

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 471(2179), 2015 (article)

Abstract

We deliver a call to arms for probabilistic numerical methods: algorithms for numerical tasks, including linear algebra, integration, optimization and solving differential equations, that return uncertainties in their calculations. Such uncertainties, arising from the loss of precision induced by numerical calculation with limited time or hardware, are important for much contemporary science and industry. Within applications such as climate science and astrophysics, the need to make decisions on the basis of computations with large and complex data have led to a renewed focus on the management of numerical uncertainty. We describe how several seminal classic numerical methods can be interpreted naturally as probabilistic inference. We then show that the probabilistic view suggests new algorithms that can flexibly be adapted to suit application specifics, while delivering improved empirical performance. We provide concrete illustrations of the benefits of probabilistic numeric algorithms on real scientific problems from astrometry and astronomical imaging, while highlighting open problems with these new algorithms. Finally, we describe how probabilistic numerical methods provide a coherent framework for identifying the uncertainty in calculations performed with a combination of numerical algorithms (e.g. both numerical optimizers and differential equation solvers), potentially allowing the diagnosis (and control) of error sources in computations.

Hennig, P., Osborne, M. A., Girolami, M. Probabilistic numerics and uncertainty in computations Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 471(2179), 2015 (article)

Efficient Learning of Linear Separators under Bounded Noise

Awasthi, P., Balcan, M., Haghtalab, N., Urner, R.

In Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Learning Theory, 40, pages: 167-190, (Editors: Grünwald, P. and Hazan, E. and Kale, S.), JMLR, COLT, 2015 (inproceedings)

Awasthi, P., Balcan, M., Haghtalab, N., Urner, R. Efficient Learning of Linear Separators under Bounded Noise In Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Learning Theory, 40, pages: 167-190, (Editors: Grünwald, P. and Hazan, E. and Kale, S.), JMLR, COLT, 2015 (inproceedings)

Learning multiple collaborative tasks with a mixture of Interaction Primitives

Ewerton, M., Neumann, G., Lioutikov, R., Ben Amor, H., Peters, J., Maeda, G.

In IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, pages: 1535-1542, ICRA, 2015 (inproceedings)

link (url) DOI [BibTex]

Ewerton, M., Neumann, G., Lioutikov, R., Ben Amor, H., Peters, J., Maeda, G. Learning multiple collaborative tasks with a mixture of Interaction Primitives In IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, pages: 1535-1542, ICRA, 2015 (inproceedings)

link (url) DOI [BibTex]

Novel segmentation of dynamic [18]F-FDG PET bypasses the need of arterial plasma input function, delivering a robust quantification of the tumor microenvironment

Katiyar, P., Divine, M. R., Pichler, B. J., Disselhorst, J. A.

World Molecular Imaging Conference, 2015 (poster)

Katiyar, P., Divine, M. R., Pichler, B. J., Disselhorst, J. A. Novel segmentation of dynamic [18]F-FDG PET bypasses the need of arterial plasma input function, delivering a robust quantification of the tumor microenvironment World Molecular Imaging Conference, 2015 (poster)

Disparity estimation from a generative light field model

Köhler, R., Schölkopf, B., Hirsch, M.

IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV 2015), Workshop on Inverse Rendering, 2015, Note: This work has been presented as a poster and is not included in the workshop proceedings. (poster)

Köhler, R., Schölkopf, B., Hirsch, M. Disparity estimation from a generative light field model IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV 2015), Workshop on Inverse Rendering, 2015, Note: This work has been presented as a poster and is not included in the workshop proceedings. (poster)

Mass and galaxy distributions of four massive galaxy clusters from Dark Energy Survey Science Verification data

Melchior, P., Suchyta, E., Huff, E., Hirsch, M., Kacprzak, T., Rykoff, E., Gruen, D., Armstrong, R., Bacon, D., Bechtol, K., others,

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 449(3):2219-2238, Oxford University Press, 2015 (article)

Melchior, P., Suchyta, E., Huff, E., Hirsch, M., Kacprzak, T., Rykoff, E., Gruen, D., Armstrong, R., Bacon, D., Bechtol, K., others, Mass and galaxy distributions of four massive galaxy clusters from Dark Energy Survey Science Verification data Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 449(3):2219-2238, Oxford University Press, 2015 (article)

Causal Inference in Neuroimaging

Casarsa de Azevedo, L.

Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Germany, 2015 (mastersthesis)

Casarsa de Azevedo, L. Causal Inference in Neuroimaging Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Germany, 2015 (mastersthesis)

The effect of frowning on attention

Ibarra Chaoul, A.

Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Germany, 2015 (mastersthesis)

Ibarra Chaoul, A. The effect of frowning on attention Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Germany, 2015 (mastersthesis)

Justifying Information-Geometric Causal Inference

Janzing, D., Steudel, B., Shajarisales, N., Schölkopf, B.

In Measures of Complexity: Festschrift for Alexey Chervonenkis, pages: 253-265, 18, (Editors: Vovk, V., Papadopoulos, H. and Gammerman, A.), Springer, 2015 (inbook)

Janzing, D., Steudel, B., Shajarisales, N., Schölkopf, B. Justifying Information-Geometric Causal Inference In Measures of Complexity: Festschrift for Alexey Chervonenkis, pages: 253-265, 18, (Editors: Vovk, V., Papadopoulos, H. and Gammerman, A.), Springer, 2015 (inbook)

Subspace Alignement based Domain Adaptation for RCNN detector

Raj, A., V., N., Tuytelaars, T.

Proceedings of the 26th British Machine Vision Conference (BMVC 2015), pages: 166.1-166.11, (Editors: Xianghua Xie and Mark W. Jones and Gary K. L. Tam), 2015 (conference)

Raj, A., V., N., Tuytelaars, T. Subspace Alignement based Domain Adaptation for RCNN detector Proceedings of the 26th British Machine Vision Conference (BMVC 2015), pages: 166.1-166.11, (Editors: Xianghua Xie and Mark W. Jones and Gary K. L. Tam), 2015 (conference)

Practical Probabilistic Programming with Monads

Ścibior, A., Ghahramani, Z., Gordon, A. D.

Proceedings of the 2015 ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Haskell, pages: 165-176, Haskell ’15, ACM, 2015 (conference)

Ścibior, A., Ghahramani, Z., Gordon, A. D. Practical Probabilistic Programming with Monads Proceedings of the 2015 ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Haskell, pages: 165-176, Haskell ’15, ACM, 2015 (conference)

The search for single exoplanet transits in the Kepler light curves

Foreman-Mackey, D., Hogg, D. W., Schölkopf, B.

IAU General Assembly, 22, pages: 2258352, 2015 (talk)

Foreman-Mackey, D., Hogg, D. W., Schölkopf, B. The search for single exoplanet transits in the Kepler light curves IAU General Assembly, 22, pages: 2258352, 2015 (talk)

Entropic Movement Complexity Reflects Subjective Creativity Rankings of Visualized Hand Motion Trajectories

Peng, Z, Braun, DA

Frontiers in Psychology, 6(1879):1-13, December 2015 (article)

Abstract

In a previous study we have shown that human motion trajectories can be characterized by translating continuous trajectories into symbol sequences with well-defined complexity measures. Here we test the hypothesis that the motion complexity individuals generate in their movements might be correlated to the degree of creativity assigned by a human observer to the visualized motion trajectories. We asked participants to generate 55 novel hand movement patterns in virtual reality, where each pattern had to be repeated 10 times in a row to ensure reproducibility. This allowed us to estimate a probability distribution over trajectories for each pattern. We assessed motion complexity not only by the previously proposed complexity measures on symbolic sequences, but we also propose two novel complexity measures that can be directly applied to the distributions over trajectories based on the frameworks of Gaussian Processes and Probabilistic Movement Primitives. In contrast to previous studies, these new methods allow computing complexities of individual motion patterns from very few sample trajectories. We compared the different complexity measures to how a group of independent jurors rank ordered the recorded motion trajectories according to their personal creativity judgment. We found three entropic complexity measures that correlate significantly with human creativity judgment and discuss differences between the measures. We also test whether these complexity measures correlate with individual creativity in divergent thinking tasks, but do not find any consistent correlation. Our results suggest that entropic complexity measures of hand motion may reveal domain-specific individual differences in kinesthetic creativity.

Peng, Z, Braun, DA Entropic Movement Complexity Reflects Subjective Creativity Rankings of Visualized Hand Motion Trajectories Frontiers in Psychology, 6(1879):1-13, December 2015 (article)

Bounded rationality, abstraction and hierarchical decision-making: an information-theoretic optimality principle

Genewein, T, Leibfried, F, Grau-Moya, J, Braun, DA

Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 2(27):1-24, October 2015 (article)

Abstract

Abstraction and hierarchical information-processing are hallmarks of human and animal intelligence underlying the unrivaled flexibility of behavior in biological systems. Achieving such a flexibility in artificial systems is challenging, even with more and more computational power. Here we investigate the hypothesis that abstraction and hierarchical information-processing might in fact be the consequence of limitations in information-processing power. In particular, we study an information-theoretic framework of bounded rational decision-making that trades off utility maximization against information-processing costs. We apply the basic principle of this framework to perception-action systems with multiple information-processing nodes and derive bounded optimal solutions. We show how the formation of abstractions and decision-making hierarchies depends on information-processing costs. We illustrate the theoretical ideas with example simulations and conclude by formalizing a mathematically unifying optimization principle that could potentially be extended to more complex systems.

Genewein, T, Leibfried, F, Grau-Moya, J, Braun, DA Bounded rationality, abstraction and hierarchical decision-making: an information-theoretic optimality principle Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 2(27):1-24, October 2015 (article)

Developing neural networks with neurons competing for survival

Peng, Z, Braun, DA

pages: 152-153, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 5th Joint IEEE International Conference on Development and Learning and on Epigenetic Robotics (IEEE ICDL-EPIROB), August 2015 (conference)

Abstract

We study developmental growth in a feedforward neural network model inspired by the survival principle in nature. Each neuron has to select its incoming connections in a way that allow it to fire, as neurons that are not able to fire over a period of time degenerate and die. In order to survive, neurons have to find reoccurring patterns in the activity of the neurons in the preceding layer, because each neuron requires more than one active input at any one time to have enough activation for firing. The sensory input at the lowest layer therefore provides the maximum amount of activation that all neurons compete for. The whole network grows dynamically over time depending on how many patterns can be found and how many neurons can maintain themselves accordingly. We show in simulations that this naturally leads to abstractions in higher layers that emerge in a unsupervised fashion. When evaluating the network in a supervised learning paradigm, it is clear that our network is not competitive. What is interesting though is that this performance was achieved by neurons that simply struggle for survival and do not know about performance error. In contrast to most studies on neural evolution that rely on a network-wide fitness function, our goal was to show that learning behaviour can appear in a system without being driven by any specific utility function or reward signal.

Peng, Z, Braun, DA Developing neural networks with neurons competing for survival pages: 152-153, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 5th Joint IEEE International Conference on Development and Learning and on Epigenetic Robotics (IEEE ICDL-EPIROB), August 2015 (conference)

Signaling equilibria in sensorimotor interactions

Leibfried, F, Grau-Moya, J, Braun, DA

Cognition, 141, pages: 73-86, August 2015 (article)

Abstract

Although complex forms of communication like human language are often assumed to have evolved out of more simple forms of sensorimotor signaling, less attention has been devoted to investigate the latter. Here, we study communicative sensorimotor behavior of humans in a two-person joint motor task where each player controls one dimension of a planar motion. We designed this joint task as a game where one player (the sender) possesses private information about a hidden target the other player (the receiver) wants to know about, and where the sender's actions are costly signals that influence the receiver's control strategy. We developed a game-theoretic model within the framework of signaling games to investigate whether subjects' behavior could be adequately described by the corresponding equilibrium solutions. The model predicts both separating and pooling equilibria, in which signaling does and does not occur respectively. We observed both kinds of equilibria in subjects and found that, in line with model predictions, the propensity of signaling decreased with increasing signaling costs and decreasing uncertainty on the part of the receiver. Our study demonstrates that signaling games, which have previously been applied to economic decision-making and animal communication, provide a framework for human signaling behavior arising during sensorimotor interactions in continuous and dynamic environments.

Leibfried, F, Grau-Moya, J, Braun, DA Signaling equilibria in sensorimotor interactions Cognition, 141, pages: 73-86, August 2015 (article)

Structure Learning in Bayesian Sensorimotor Integration

Genewein, T, Hez, E, Razzaghpanah, Z, Braun, DA

PLoS Computational Biology, 11(8):1-27, August 2015 (article)

Abstract

Previous studies have shown that sensorimotor processing can often be described by Bayesian learning, in particular the integration of prior and feedback information depending on its degree of reliability. Here we test the hypothesis that the integration process itself can be tuned to the statistical structure of the environment. We exposed human participants to a reaching task in a three-dimensional virtual reality environment where we could displace the visual feedback of their hand position in a two dimensional plane. When introducing statistical structure between the two dimensions of the displacement, we found that over the course of several days participants adapted their feedback integration process in order to exploit this structure for performance improvement. In control experiments we found that this adaptation process critically depended on performance feedback and could not be induced by verbal instructions. Our results suggest that structural learning is an important meta-learning component of Bayesian sensorimotor integration.

Genewein, T, Hez, E, Razzaghpanah, Z, Braun, DA Structure Learning in Bayesian Sensorimotor Integration PLoS Computational Biology, 11(8):1-27, August 2015 (article)

A Reward-Maximizing Spiking Neuron as a Bounded Rational Decision Maker

Leibfried, F, Braun, DA

Neural Computation, 27(8):1686-1720, July 2015 (article)

Abstract

Rate distortion theory describes how to communicate relevant information most efficiently over a channel with limited capacity. One of the many applications of rate distortion theory is bounded rational decision making, where decision makers are modeled as information channels that transform sensory input into motor output under the constraint that their channel capacity is limited. Such a bounded rational decision maker can be thought to optimize an objective function that trades off the decision maker's utility or cumulative reward against the information processing cost measured by the mutual information between sensory input and motor output. In this study, we interpret a spiking neuron as a bounded rational decision maker that aims to maximize its expected reward under the computational constraint that the mutual information between the neuron's input and output is upper bounded. This abstract computational constraint translates into a penalization of the deviation between the neuron's instantaneous and average firing behavior. We derive a synaptic weight update rule for such a rate distortion optimizing neuron and show in simulations that the neuron efficiently extracts reward-relevant information from the input by trading off its synaptic strengths against the collected reward.

Leibfried, F, Braun, DA A Reward-Maximizing Spiking Neuron as a Bounded Rational Decision Maker Neural Computation, 27(8):1686-1720, July 2015 (article)

What is epistemic value in free energy models of learning and acting? A bounded rationality perspective

Ortega, PA, Braun, DA

Cognitive Neuroscience, 6(4):215-216, December 2015 (article)

Abstract

Free energy models of learning and acting do not only care about utility or extrinsic value, but also about intrinsic value, that is, the information value stemming from probability distributions that represent beliefs or strategies. While these intrinsic values can be interpreted as epistemic values or exploration bonuses under certain conditions, the framework of bounded rationality offers a complementary interpretation in terms of information-processing costs that we discuss here.

Ortega, PA, Braun, DA What is epistemic value in free energy models of learning and acting? A bounded rationality perspective Cognitive Neuroscience, 6(4):215-216, December 2015 (article)

2000

Knowledge Discovery in Databases: An Information Retrieval Perspective

Ong, CS.

Malaysian Journal of Computer Science, 13(2):54-63, December 2000 (article)

Abstract

The current trend of increasing capabilities in data generation and collection has resulted in an urgent need for data mining applications, also called knowledge discovery in databases. This paper identifies and examines the issues involved in extracting useful grains of knowledge from large amounts of data. It describes a framework to categorise data mining systems. The author also gives an overview of the issues pertaining to data pre processing, as well as various information gathering methodologies and techniques. The paper covers some popular tools such as classification, clustering, and generalisation. A summary of statistical and machine learning techniques used currently is also provided.

2000

Ong, CS. Knowledge Discovery in Databases: An Information Retrieval Perspective Malaysian Journal of Computer Science, 13(2):54-63, December 2000 (article)

A real-time model of the human knee for application in virtual orthopaedic trainer

Peters, J., Riener, R.

In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on BioMedical Engineering (ICBME 2000), 10, pages: 1-2, 10th International Conference on BioMedical Engineering (ICBME) , December 2000 (inproceedings)

Abstract

In this paper a real-time capable computational model of the human knee is presented. The model describes the passive elastic joint characteristics in six degrees-of-freedom (DOF). A black-box approach was chosen, where experimental data were approximated by piecewise polynomial functions. The knee model has been applied in a the Virtual Orthopaedic Trainer, which can support training of physical knee evaluation required for diagnosis and surgical planning.

Peters, J., Riener, R. A real-time model of the human knee for application in virtual orthopaedic trainer In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on BioMedical Engineering (ICBME 2000), 10, pages: 1-2, 10th International Conference on BioMedical Engineering (ICBME) , December 2000 (inproceedings)

A Simple Iterative Approach to Parameter Optimization

Zien, A., Zimmer, R., Lengauer, T.

Journal of Computational Biology, 7(3,4):483-501, November 2000 (article)

Abstract

Various bioinformatics problems require optimizing several different properties simultaneously. For example, in the protein threading problem, a scoring function combines the values for different parameters of possible sequence-to-structure alignments into a single score to allow for unambiguous optimization. In this context, an essential question is how each property should be weighted. As the native structures are known for some sequences, a partial ordering on optimal alignments to other structures, e.g., derived from structural comparisons, may be used to adjust the weights. To resolve the arising interdependence of weights and computed solutions, we propose a heuristic approach: iterating the computation of solutions (here, threading alignments) given the weights and the estimation of optimal weights of the scoring function given these solutions via systematic calibration methods. For our application (i.e., threading), this iterative approach results in structurally meaningful weights that significantly improve performance on both the training and the test data sets. In addition, the optimized parameters show significant improvements on the recognition rate for a grossly enlarged comprehensive benchmark, a modified recognition protocol as well as modified alignment types (local instead of global and profiles instead of single sequences). These results show the general validity of the optimized weights for the given threading program and the associated scoring contributions.

Zien, A., Zimmer, R., Lengauer, T. A Simple Iterative Approach to Parameter Optimization Journal of Computational Biology, 7(3,4):483-501, November 2000 (article)

Identification of Drug Target Proteins

Zien, A., Küffner, R., Mevissen, T., Zimmer, R., Lengauer, T.

ERCIM News, 43, pages: 16-17, October 2000 (article)

Zien, A., Küffner, R., Mevissen, T., Zimmer, R., Lengauer, T. Identification of Drug Target Proteins ERCIM News, 43, pages: 16-17, October 2000 (article)

On Designing an Automated Malaysian Stemmer for the Malay Language

Tai, SY., Ong, CS., Abullah, NA.

In Fifth International Workshop on Information Retrieval with Asian Languages, pages: 207-208, ACM Press, New York, NY, USA, Fifth International Workshop on Information Retrieval with Asian Languages, October 2000 (inproceedings)

Abstract

Online and interactive information retrieval systems are likely to play an increasing role in the Malay Language community. To facilitate and automate the process of matching morphological term variants, a stemmer focusing on common affix removal algorithms is proposed as part of the design of an information retrieval system for the Malay Language. Stemming is a morphological process of normalizing word tokens down to their essential roots. The proposed stemmer strips prefixes and suffixes off the word. The experiment conducted with web sites selected from the World Wide Web has exhibited substantial improvements in the number of words indexed.

PostScript Web DOI [BibTex]

Tai, SY., Ong, CS., Abullah, NA. On Designing an Automated Malaysian Stemmer for the Malay Language In Fifth International Workshop on Information Retrieval with Asian Languages, pages: 207-208, ACM Press, New York, NY, USA, Fifth International Workshop on Information Retrieval with Asian Languages, October 2000 (inproceedings)

PostScript Web DOI [BibTex]

Robust ensemble learning

Rätsch, G., Schölkopf, B., Smola, A., Mika, S., Onoda, T., Müller, K.

In Advances in Large Margin Classifiers, pages: 207-220, Neural Information Processing Series, (Editors: AJ Smola and PJ Bartlett and B Schölkopf and D. Schuurmans), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, October 2000 (inbook)

Rätsch, G., Schölkopf, B., Smola, A., Mika, S., Onoda, T., Müller, K. Robust ensemble learning In Advances in Large Margin Classifiers, pages: 207-220, Neural Information Processing Series, (Editors: AJ Smola and PJ Bartlett and B Schölkopf and D. Schuurmans), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, October 2000 (inbook)

Entropy numbers for convex combinations and MLPs

Smola, A., Elisseeff, A., Schölkopf, B., Williamson, R.

In Advances in Large Margin Classifiers, pages: 369-387, Neural Information Processing Series, (Editors: AJ Smola and PL Bartlett and B Schölkopf and D Schuurmans), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA,, October 2000 (inbook)

Smola, A., Elisseeff, A., Schölkopf, B., Williamson, R. Entropy numbers for convex combinations and MLPs In Advances in Large Margin Classifiers, pages: 369-387, Neural Information Processing Series, (Editors: AJ Smola and PL Bartlett and B Schölkopf and D Schuurmans), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA,, October 2000 (inbook)

Ensemble of Specialized Networks based on Input Space Partition

Shin, H., Lee, H., Cho, S.

In Proc. of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Conference, pages: 33-36, Korean Operations Research and Management Science Conference, October 2000 (inproceedings)

Shin, H., Lee, H., Cho, S. Ensemble of Specialized Networks based on Input Space Partition In Proc. of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Conference, pages: 33-36, Korean Operations Research and Management Science Conference, October 2000 (inproceedings)

DES Approach Failure Recovery of Pump-valve System

Son, HI., Kim, KW., Lee, S.

In Korean Society of Precision Engineering (KSPE) Conference, pages: 647-650, Annual Meeting of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering (KSPE), October 2000 (inproceedings)

Son, HI., Kim, KW., Lee, S. DES Approach Failure Recovery of Pump-valve System In Korean Society of Precision Engineering (KSPE) Conference, pages: 647-650, Annual Meeting of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering (KSPE), October 2000 (inproceedings)

Natural Regularization from Generative Models

Oliver, N., Schölkopf, B., Smola, A.

In Advances in Large Margin Classifiers, pages: 51-60, Neural Information Processing Series, (Editors: AJ Smola and PJ Bartlett and B Schölkopf and D Schuurmans), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, October 2000 (inbook)

Oliver, N., Schölkopf, B., Smola, A. Natural Regularization from Generative Models In Advances in Large Margin Classifiers, pages: 51-60, Neural Information Processing Series, (Editors: AJ Smola and PJ Bartlett and B Schölkopf and D Schuurmans), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, October 2000 (inbook)

Advances in Large Margin Classifiers

Smola, A., Bartlett, P., Schölkopf, B., Schuurmans, D.

pages: 422, Neural Information Processing, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, October 2000 (book)

Abstract

The concept of large margins is a unifying principle for the analysis of many different approaches to the classification of data from examples, including boosting, mathematical programming, neural networks, and support vector machines. The fact that it is the margin, or confidence level, of a classification--that is, a scale parameter--rather than a raw training error that matters has become a key tool for dealing with classifiers. This book shows how this idea applies to both the theoretical analysis and the design of algorithms. The book provides an overview of recent developments in large margin classifiers, examines connections with other methods (e.g., Bayesian inference), and identifies strengths and weaknesses of the method, as well as directions for future research. Among the contributors are Manfred Opper, Vladimir Vapnik, and Grace Wahba.

Smola, A., Bartlett, P., Schölkopf, B., Schuurmans, D. Advances in Large Margin Classifiers pages: 422, Neural Information Processing, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, October 2000 (book)

Ensemble Learning Algorithm of Specialized Networks

Shin, H., Lee, H., Cho, S.

In Proc. of the Korea Information Science Conference, pages: 308-310, Korea Information Science Conference, October 2000 (inproceedings)

Shin, H., Lee, H., Cho, S. Ensemble Learning Algorithm of Specialized Networks In Proc. of the Korea Information Science Conference, pages: 308-310, Korea Information Science Conference, October 2000 (inproceedings)

DES Approach Failure Diagnosis of Pump-valve System

Son, HI., Kim, KW., Lee, S.

In Korean Society of Precision Engineering (KSPE) Conference, pages: 643-646, Annual Meeting of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering (KSPE), October 2000 (inproceedings)

Abstract

As many industrial systems become more complex, it becomes extremely difficult to diagnose the cause of failures. This paper presents a failure diagnosis approach based on discrete event system theory. In particular, the approach is a hybrid of event-based and state-based ones leading to a simpler failure diagnoser with supervisory control capability. The design procedure is presented along with a pump-valve system as an example.

Son, HI., Kim, KW., Lee, S. DES Approach Failure Diagnosis of Pump-valve System In Korean Society of Precision Engineering (KSPE) Conference, pages: 643-646, Annual Meeting of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering (KSPE), October 2000 (inproceedings)

Engineering Support Vector Machine Kernels That Recognize Translation Initiation Sites

Zien, A., Rätsch, G., Mika, S., Schölkopf, B., Lengauer, T., Müller, K.

Bioinformatics, 16(9):799-807, September 2000 (article)

Abstract

Motivation: In order to extract protein sequences from nucleotide sequences, it is an important step to recognize points at which regions start that code for proteins. These points are called translation initiation sites (TIS). Results: The task of finding TIS can be modeled as a classification problem. We demonstrate the applicability of support vector machines for this task, and show how to incorporate prior biological knowledge by engineering an appropriate kernel function. With the described techniques the recognition performance can be improved by 26% over leading existing approaches. We provide evidence that existing related methods (e.g. ESTScan) could profit from advanced TIS recognition.

Web DOI [BibTex]

Zien, A., Rätsch, G., Mika, S., Schölkopf, B., Lengauer, T., Müller, K. Engineering Support Vector Machine Kernels That Recognize Translation Initiation Sites Bioinformatics, 16(9):799-807, September 2000 (article)

Web DOI [BibTex]

Three-dimensional reconstruction of planar scenes

Urbanek, M.

Biologische Kybernetik, INP Grenoble, Warsaw University of Technology, September 2000 (diplomathesis)

Abstract

For a planar scene, we propose an algorithm to estimate its 3D structure. Homographies between corresponding planes are employed in order to recover camera motion parameters - between camera positions from which images of the scene were taken. Cases of one- and multiple- corresponding planes present on the scene are distinguished. Solutions are proposed for both cases.

ZIP [BibTex]

Urbanek, M. Three-dimensional reconstruction of planar scenes Biologische Kybernetik, INP Grenoble, Warsaw University of Technology, September 2000 (diplomathesis)

ZIP [BibTex]

Analysis of Gene Expression Data with Pathway Scores

Zien, A., Küffner, R., Zimmer, R., Lengauer, T.

In ISMB 2000, pages: 407-417, AAAI Press, Menlo Park, CA, USA, 8th International Conference on Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology, August 2000 (inproceedings)

Abstract

We present a new approach for the evaluation of gene expression data. The basic idea is to generate biologically possible pathways and to score them with respect to gene expression measurements. We suggest sample scoring functions for different problem specifications. The significance of the scores for the investigated pathways is assessed by comparison to a number of scores for random pathways. We show that simple scoring functions can assign statistically significant scores to biologically relevant pathways. This suggests that the combination of appropriate scoring functions with the systematic generation of pathways can be used in order to select the most interesting pathways based on gene expression measurements.

Zien, A., Küffner, R., Zimmer, R., Lengauer, T. Analysis of Gene Expression Data with Pathway Scores In ISMB 2000, pages: 407-417, AAAI Press, Menlo Park, CA, USA, 8th International Conference on Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology, August 2000 (inproceedings)

A Meanfield Approach to the Thermodynamics of a Protein-Solvent System with Application to the Oligomerization of the Tumour Suppressor p53.

Noolandi, J., Davison, TS., Vokel, A., Nie, F., Kay, C., Arrowsmith, C.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97(18):9955-9960, August 2000 (article)

Noolandi, J., Davison, TS., Vokel, A., Nie, F., Kay, C., Arrowsmith, C. A Meanfield Approach to the Thermodynamics of a Protein-Solvent System with Application to the Oligomerization of the Tumour Suppressor p53. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97(18):9955-9960, August 2000 (article)

Observational Learning with Modular Networks

Shin, H., Lee, H., Cho, S.

In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS 1983), LNCS 1983, pages: 126-132, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, International Conference on Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning (IDEAL), July 2000 (inproceedings)

Abstract

Observational learning algorithm is an ensemble algorithm where each network is initially trained with a bootstrapped data set and virtual data are generated from the ensemble for training. Here we propose a modular OLA approach where the original training set is partitioned into clusters and then each network is instead trained with one of the clusters. Networks are combined with different weighting factors now that are inversely proportional to the distance from the input vector to the cluster centers. Comparison with bagging and boosting shows that the proposed approach reduces generalization error with a smaller number of networks employed.

Shin, H., Lee, H., Cho, S. Observational Learning with Modular Networks In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS 1983), LNCS 1983, pages: 126-132, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, International Conference on Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning (IDEAL), July 2000 (inproceedings)

The Infinite Gaussian Mixture Model

Rasmussen, CE.

In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 12, pages: 554-560, (Editors: Solla, S.A. , T.K. Leen, K-R Müller), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, Thirteenth Annual Neural Information Processing Systems Conference (NIPS), June 2000 (inproceedings)

Abstract

In a Bayesian mixture model it is not necessary a priori to limit the number of components to be finite. In this paper an infinite Gaussian mixture model is presented which neatly sidesteps the difficult problem of finding the ``right'' number of mixture components. Inference in the model is done using an efficient parameter-free Markov Chain that relies entirely on Gibbs sampling.

Rasmussen, CE. The Infinite Gaussian Mixture Model In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 12, pages: 554-560, (Editors: Solla, S.A. , T.K. Leen, K-R Müller), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, Thirteenth Annual Neural Information Processing Systems Conference (NIPS), June 2000 (inproceedings)

Generalization Abilities of Ensemble Learning Algorithms

Shin, H., Jang, M., Cho, S.

In Proc. of the Korean Brain Society Conference, pages: 129-133, Korean Brain Society Conference, June 2000 (inproceedings)

Shin, H., Jang, M., Cho, S. Generalization Abilities of Ensemble Learning Algorithms In Proc. of the Korean Brain Society Conference, pages: 129-133, Korean Brain Society Conference, June 2000 (inproceedings)

Support vector method for novelty detection

Schölkopf, B., Williamson, R., Smola, A., Shawe-Taylor, J., Platt, J.

In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 12, pages: 582-588, (Editors: SA Solla and TK Leen and K-R Müller), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 13th Annual Neural Information Processing Systems Conference (NIPS), June 2000 (inproceedings)

Abstract

Suppose you are given some dataset drawn from an underlying probability distribution ¤ and you want to estimate a “simple” subset ¥ of input space such that the probability that a test point drawn from ¤ lies outside of ¥ equals some a priori specified ¦ between § and ¨. We propose a method to approach this problem by trying to estimate a function © which is positive on ¥ and negative on the complement. The functional form of © is given by a kernel expansion in terms of a potentially small subset of the training data; it is regularized by controlling the length of the weight vector in an associated feature space. We provide a theoretical analysis of the statistical performance of our algorithm. The algorithm is a natural extension of the support vector algorithm to the case of unlabelled data.

Schölkopf, B., Williamson, R., Smola, A., Shawe-Taylor, J., Platt, J. Support vector method for novelty detection In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 12, pages: 582-588, (Editors: SA Solla and TK Leen and K-R Müller), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 13th Annual Neural Information Processing Systems Conference (NIPS), June 2000 (inproceedings)

Solving Satisfiability Problems with Genetic Algorithms

Harmeling, S.

In Genetic Algorithms and Genetic Programming at Stanford 2000, pages: 206-213, (Editors: Koza, J. R.), Stanford Bookstore, Stanford, CA, USA, June 2000 (inbook)

Abstract

We show how to solve hard 3-SAT problems using genetic algorithms. Furthermore, we explore other genetic operators that may be useful to tackle 3-SAT problems, and discuss their pros and cons.

Harmeling, S. Solving Satisfiability Problems with Genetic Algorithms In Genetic Algorithms and Genetic Programming at Stanford 2000, pages: 206-213, (Editors: Koza, J. R.), Stanford Bookstore, Stanford, CA, USA, June 2000 (inbook)

v-Arc: Ensemble Learning in the Presence of Outliers

Rätsch, G., Schölkopf, B., Smola, A., Müller, K., Onoda, T., Mika, S.

In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 12, pages: 561-567, (Editors: SA Solla and TK Leen and K-R Müller), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 13th Annual Neural Information Processing Systems Conference (NIPS), June 2000 (inproceedings)

Abstract

AdaBoost and other ensemble methods have successfully been applied to a number of classification tasks, seemingly defying problems of overfitting. AdaBoost performs gradient descent in an error function with respect to the margin, asymptotically concentrating on the patterns which are hardest to learn. For very noisy problems, however, this can be disadvantageous. Indeed, theoretical analysis has shown that the margin distribution, as opposed to just the minimal margin, plays a crucial role in understanding this phenomenon. Loosely speaking, some outliers should be tolerated if this has the benefit of substantially increasing the margin on the remaining points. We propose a new boosting algorithm which allows for the possibility of a pre-specified fraction of points to lie in the margin area or even on the wrong side of the decision boundary.

Rätsch, G., Schölkopf, B., Smola, A., Müller, K., Onoda, T., Mika, S. v-Arc: Ensemble Learning in the Presence of Outliers In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 12, pages: 561-567, (Editors: SA Solla and TK Leen and K-R Müller), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 13th Annual Neural Information Processing Systems Conference (NIPS), June 2000 (inproceedings)

Invariant feature extraction and classification in kernel spaces

Mika, S., Rätsch, G., Weston, J., Schölkopf, B., Smola, A., Müller, K.

In Advances in neural information processing systems 12, pages: 526-532, (Editors: SA Solla and TK Leen and K-R Müller), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 13th Annual Neural Information Processing Systems Conference (NIPS), June 2000 (inproceedings)

Mika, S., Rätsch, G., Weston, J., Schölkopf, B., Smola, A., Müller, K. Invariant feature extraction and classification in kernel spaces In Advances in neural information processing systems 12, pages: 526-532, (Editors: SA Solla and TK Leen and K-R Müller), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 13th Annual Neural Information Processing Systems Conference (NIPS), June 2000 (inproceedings)